Ambedkar’s Desiderata
In six decades of ‘progress’ India hasn’t realised our founders’ vision of social democracy
Over the years, the makers of modern India have been parochialised by the sect or state to which they originally belonged. Rabindranath Tagore, whose stories and especially essays are of universal appeal, is now considered an icon of Bengalis alone. Vallabhbhai Patel, without whose efforts India would not be a united nation, is now hardly remembered outside Gujarat. Jawaharlal Nehru, who helped nurture a democratic ethos across India, is now the property of a single party.
A fourth Indian who has become a victim of sectarian diminution is B.R. Ambedkar. He is now known only for his contributions to the emancipation of the subaltern castes. To be sure, he did a great deal to instil a sense of dignity among the oppressed. But we seem to have forgotten that he was not just a militant Dalit, but also a wise democrat, whose life and thought can profitably be studied by all Indians, regardless of the caste or religion to which they belong.
This week, we celebrate the 60th anniversary of the Indian republic. Our republic owes its existence to a constitution whose drafting was overseen by Ambedkar. In his last speech to the Constituent Assembly—delivered on November 25, 1949—Ambedkar issued three warnings that are compellingly relevant to the predicament that the nation finds itself in today. First, he urged his compatriots to “abandon the bloody methods of revolution”. In the circumstances of colonial rule, there were grounds for taking to the streets to protest, and even perhaps to use violence. But with the coming of a free, sovereign and democratic republic, wrote Ambedkar, “there can be no justification for these unconstitutional methods. These methods are nothing but the Grammar of Anarchy and the sooner they are abandoned, the better for us”.
Ambedkar would have been appalled by the activities of his fellow Maharashtrian, Raj Thackeray. But he would have had no time either for the Maoists, who claim to speak on behalf of the disadvantaged. He would have urged them to persuade rather than coerce citizens to their point of view, to abandon the gun and enter the democratic process that the Constitution had legitimised.
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At the same time, Ambedkar would have been sharply critical of the conduct of the mainstream political parties themselves. In that final speech to the Constituent Assembly, he invoked John Stuart Mill in asking Indians not “to lay their liberties at the feet of even a great man, or to trust him with powers which enable him to subvert their institutions”. There was “nothing wrong”, said Ambedkar, “in being grateful to great men who have rendered life-long services to the country. But there are limits to gratefulness”. His worry was that in India, “bhakti or what may be called the path of devotion or hero-worship, plays a part in its politics unequalled in magnitude by the part it plays in the politics of any other country in the world. Bhakti in religion may be a road to the salvation of the soul. But in politics, bhakti or hero-worship is a sure road to degradation and to eventual dictatorship.”
When he spoke these words, Ambedkar may have had the possible deification of the recently martyred Mahatma Gandhi in mind. But they seem uncannily prescient about the actual deification of a later and lesser Gandhi. In the early 1970s, Congressmen began speaking of how “India is Indira and Indira is India”, a process that culminated, as Ambedkar had foreseen, in the eventual dictatorship of the Emergency. Now, a generation later, the party chooses to be more ecumenical, distributing its veneration equally among four Gandhis, two of whom are deceased (Indira and Rajiv), two others living (Sonia and Rahul).
Last year, on a visit to Arunachal Pradesh, I was taken from the Rajiv Gandhi University—where I was staying—to see the Indira Gandhi State Museum. The next day, I drove from Itanagar to Guwahati. Just before crossing the Brahmaputra, I passed a gleaming yellow structure built by the Assam government—this, a board informed me, was the Rajiv Gandhi Indoor Stadium.
Such naming of parks, offices, airports, sarkari schemes and so on after Indira and Rajiv is ubiquitous across India. Their contributions are remembered and honoured; their errors forgotten or suppressed. They are even given credit for policies that were actually the work of other Congress prime ministers. Thus party and state propaganda insist that Indira rather than Lal Bahadur Shastri initiated the Green Revolution, and that Rajiv rather than P.V. Narasimha Rao liberalised the economy.
The cult of the Nehru-Gandhis, dead and alive, is deeply inimical to the practice of democracy. It has led to the corruption and corrosion of India’s premier political party, whose own example in this regard has been eagerly followed by the regional formations. Travelling through Tamil Nadu last month, I was met at every turn by ever-larger cutouts of the heir apparent, M.K. Stalin—of Stalin smiling, Stalin writing, Stalin speaking into a cellphone. The only other place where I have felt so stifled by a single face was in the Syria of Bashar Assad; but then the last time I went to Punjab, the Badals were in opposition, and I have not visited Lucknow since Mayawati became chief minister.
The cult of the Nehru-Gandhis, dead and alive, is deeply inimical to the practice of democracy. It has led to the corruption and corrosion of India’s premier political party, whose own example in this regard has been eagerly followed by the regional formations. Travelling through Tamil Nadu last month, I was met at every turn by ever-larger cutouts of the heir apparent, M.K. Stalin—of Stalin smiling, Stalin writing, Stalin speaking into a cellphone. The only other place where I have felt so stifled by a single face was in the Syria of Bashar Assad; but then the last time I went to Punjab, the Badals were in opposition, and I have not visited Lucknow since Mayawati became chief minister.
Parties professing violent revolution are antithetical to democracy; so, too, warned Ambedkar, are parties based on the principle of bhakti or hero-worship. The proliferation and increasing influence of the political family firm has led, as he had feared, to the subversion of our public institutions. In New Delhi, the Congress chooses ministers, governors and secretaries to government on the basis of loyalty or sycophancy rather than competence. The same practice is followed by regional parties with regard to the public offices that lie within their gift. Sometimes, it is the power to bribe rather than the ability to flatter that proves decisive in obtaining the job one desires.
India has been called a “dynastic democracy”. Perhaps it would be more accurate to call it a darbari democracy. The atmosphere in national and state capitals resembles nothing so much as a medieval court. Intrigue and gossip are rife. Those who seek public office nudge themselves ever closer to the inner circle of the King, the Queen, or the Prince-in-Waiting. Those who already hold public office have one eye on their job and another on what needs to be done, sycophantically, to retain it. This is as true of Mayawati’s Lucknow and Karunanidhi’s Chennai as it is of Sonia’s New Delhi.
Things are only superficially different in states dominated by ideologies rather than personalities. Where the Bharatiya Janata Party is in power, political preferment is crucially dependent on one’s equations with the Rashtriya Swayamsevak Sangh. In communist-ruled West Bengal, even secretaries to government and vice-chancellors are known to make regular visits to the CPI(M)’s headquarters in Alimuddin Street. Here, as elsewhere in India, a vast majority of jobs in the state sector, whether of low, high or middle rank, are filled by men (and less often, women) who are not best qualified for them.
The one part of the public sector that remains somewhat insulated from corruption and sycophancy is the sphere of science. The Indian Institute of Science still produces research of quality, and the Indian Space Research Organisation still executes the tasks assigned to it with a degree of competence and professionalism. Otherwise, our public institutions are in a state of atrophy and decay. This hurts the poor far more than the rich, for they are dependent on the sarkari iskool and the sarkari aspatal—no Doon School or Apollo Hospital for them. Denied equality of opportunity, they are also denied the benefits of redistributive policies, with a large chunk of the welfare budget intended for their succour instead going into the hands of politicians and contractors.
This brings us to Ambedkar’s final warning, which was that “political democracy cannot last unless there lies at the base of it social democracy”. As he pointed out, “on the social plane, we have in India a society based on the principle of graded inequality, which means elevation for some and degradation for others. On the economic plane, we have a society in which there are some who have immense wealth as against many who live in abject poverty”. On January 26, 1950, by adopting a democratic constitution, India upheld the principle of “one man one vote and one vote one value”. However, our society continued to be deeply inequitous, “deny(ing) the principle of one man one value”.
“How long shall we continue to live this life of contradictions?” asked Ambedkar. “How long shall we continue to deny equality in our social and economic life? If we continue to deny it for long, we will do so only by putting our political democracy in peril. We must remove this contradiction at the earliest possible moment or else those who suffer from inequality will blow up the structure of political democracy which this Assembly has so laboriously built up.”
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The Indian Constitution recognised two groups that had historically suffered most from inequality. These were Dalits and adivasis. The chief spokesman for the tribal interest in the Constituent Assembly was Jaipal Singh Munda, a man of character and flamboyance who deserves to be more widely known today. He was a brilliant hockey player—he captained the Indian team to victory in the 1928 Olympics—and a still more brilliant orator. When Nehru moved a resolution in the Assembly proclaiming India a sovereign and democratic republic, Jaipal made a stirring speech interpreting the proclamation from his people’s point of view. “As a jungli, as an adibasi,” said Jaipal, “I am not expected to understand the legal intricacies of the resolution. But my common sense tells me that every one of us should march in that road to freedom and fight together. Sir, if there is any group of Indian people that has been shabbily treated, it is my people. They have been disgracefully treated, neglected for the last 6,000 years. The history of the Indus Valley civilisation, a child of which I am, shows quite clearly that it is the newcomers—most of you here are intruders as far as I am concerned—it is the newcomers who have driven away my people from the Indus Valley to the jungle fastness.... The whole history of my people is one of continuous exploitation and dispossession by the non-aboriginals of India punctuated by rebellions and disorder, and yet I take Pandit Jawaharlal Nehru at his word. I take you all at your word that now we are going to start a new chapter, a new chapter of independent India where there is equality of opportunity, where no one would be neglected.”
These hopes were to be falsified. For it is Jaipal’s adivasis who have gained least and lost most from six decades of electoral democracy. In terms of access to education, healthcare and dignified employment, they are even worse off than the Dalits. Meanwhile, millions of adivasis have been thrown out of their homes and forests to make way for dams, factories and mining projects intended for the producers and consumers of urban India. Thus the “exploitation and dispossession” have continued, to be answered by a fresh round of “rebellions and disorder”. It is surely no accident that the greatest gains made by the Maoists in the past decade have been in the tribal districts of central and eastern India.
Apologists for the Maoists sometimes try to appropriate Ambedkar to their side, on the grounds that Dalits and adivasis have no option but armed struggle to resist and overcome their oppressors. But, as the remarks quoted earlier in this essay make clear, Ambedkar abhorred violence, rejecting it as a means of settling political disputes. In fact, he even had little time for non-violent protest on Gandhian lines. He was a constitutional democrat, who believed that arguments between citizens had to be resolved through the means of the press, the law courts and the legislature.
It was as a patriot and democrat that Ambedkar uttered those warnings in his speech of November 1949. Recalling them 60 years later, one may be inclined to despair. I think that Ambedkar himself would have demanded that we renew and redeem the idea of India rather than abandon it altogether. Vigilance rather than cynicism may be the correct response to the crisis our state and society are currently faced with.
Let us begin by acknowledging that what we now confront is indeed a crisis. Through the first half of the Noughties, there was much careless talk about our imminent rise to superpower status. After the recession, such talk receded, only to revive after the emphatic victory of the United Progressive Alliance in the elections of 2009.
Let us begin by acknowledging that what we now confront is indeed a crisis. Through the first half of the Noughties, there was much careless talk about our imminent rise to superpower status. After the recession, such talk receded, only to revive after the emphatic victory of the United Progressive Alliance in the elections of 2009.
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Those who claim that India is a “rising global power” offer two statistics in their support—first, that, unlike China or Pakistan, we have held 15 general elections in a row; second, that, unlike the nations of Africa and Latin America, our growth rates are in the region of 8 per cent and 9 per cent. Aldous Huxley remarked of the Taj Mahal that marble conceals a multitude of sins. In the same manner, the statistics purporting to capture the political and economic achievements of India conceal, among other things, shocking inequalities in wealth and living standards; a third-rate education system and a fifth-rate healthcare system; a criminal justice system on the verge of collapse; a serious and still growing left-wing insurgency in central India; continuing tensions in the states of the northeast and northwest; a spate of farmer suicides in the countryside; rising crime rates in the cities; rapid and possibly irreversible environmental degradation in both city and countryside; a fragile neighbourhood (with Pakistan mired in sectarian conflict and Sri Lanka and Nepal scarred by civil war); and more.
Arguably, the last time India faced a crisis of such proportions was at its birth. When Mahatma Gandhi died, in January 1948, the nation was confronted with religious rioting, food scarcities, a communist insurrection, angry and homeless refugees, and recalcitrant princes holding out for independent states of their own. If these (and other) problems were tamed and transcended, it was largely because of the visionary yet very focused leadership provided by the men and women whom Gandhi had trained. These included Vallabhbhai Patel, Jawaharlal Nehru and Maulana Azad at the centre; C. Rajagopalachari and B.G. Kher in the states; and Mridula Sarabhai and Kamaladevi Chattopadhyay in the domain of civil society. These names are but a sampling of the thousands of Indians who, inspired by Gandhi, helped pick up the pieces of a divided and desperate nation and put it back on the road to survival.
The document that finally marked the end of the nation’s teething troubles, and sign-posted its future, was of course the Constitution, which came into effect on January 26, 1950. Remarkably, the man who piloted this Constitution through the Constituent Assembly was himself a lifelong opponent of the Congress. How and why Ambedkar was chosen as the first law minister of the government of independent India remains a mystery. It has been speculated that Gandhi instructed Nehru and Patel to include Ambedkar in the cabinet, on the grounds that freedom had come to all of India, not merely to Congressmen. This seems in keeping with Gandhi’s extraordinary combination of personal generosity and political sagacity, whereby he was willing to overlook Ambedkar’s savage denunciations of himself in view of the younger man’s acknowledged abilities as a scholar and administrator.
India was united, and made democratic, by a “team of rivals” sinking their differences to work together in a larger cause. The phrase in quotes is borrowed from a book by an American historian, which deals with how Abraham Lincoln worked with his political adversaries in seeing the United States safely in and out of a bloody civil war. But it applies with equal force to the circumstances of newly independent India, when men and women of clashing temperaments and opposed ideologies likewise came together in the interests of their nation.
Between 1947 and 1950, the task before India’s political leadership was to ensure the nation stayed together. Now, in 2010, we need not fear any more that the nation will break up into many parts. However, despite 60 years of electoral democracy, India remains a society riven by hierarchy and inequality. The life chances of a woman are worse than that of a man, of a villager worse than that of a city-dweller, of a Dalit worse than that of a Brahmin, of an adivasi worse than that of either a Dalit or a Brahmin.
Some of these hierarchies have their basis in deep historical processes; others are of more recent origin. Gore Vidal once said of his adopted homeland, Italy, that it combined the worst features of capitalism and socialism. In some respects, contemporary India combines the worst features of capitalism, socialism and feudalism. Thus, the spurt in economic growth has widened the gulf between the wealthy and the poor, this compounding the gulf between official and citizen that was the legacy of state socialism, which itself compounded the gulf between mental and manual labour that was the legacy of the caste system.
Personal behaviour reflects these broader trends in social inequality. The successful capitalist has contempt for those who do not earn as much as him; so too the powerful bureaucrat or politician for those who hold less power. On their part, the poor and the powerless tend to be deferential; taking these asymmetries of privilege to be divine or preordained, rather than particular creations of particular men behaving in, as it were, less-than-democratic fashion.
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In that last speech to the Constituent Assembly, Ambedkar asked, “What does social democracy mean?” He supplied this answer: “It means a way of life which recognises liberty, equality and fraternity as the principles of life. These principles of liberty, equality and fraternity are not to be treated as separate items in a trinity. They form a union of trinity in the sense that to divorce one from the other is to defeat the very purpose of democracy.... Without equality, liberty would produce the supremacy of the few over the many. Equality without liberty would kill individual initiative. Without fraternity, liberty and equality could not become a natural course of things.”
For a democracy to function at somewhere near optimum potential, three sectors have to simultaneously pull their weight. These are the state, the private sector and civil society. In 1947, when the nation was born, civil society was weak and the private sector risk-averse. The centre held, and a democratic constitution came into being, only because the energy and capability of the state compensated for the limitations of the other two sectors. Now, 60 years later, we have a dynamic private sector and an energetic civil society. It is the state that is wanting.
In the 1990s, Narasimha Rao and Manmohan Singh initiated a series of economic reforms that unleashed a surge of creativity and productivity in the private sector. Those reforms were both necessary as well as overdue. However, they now need to be complemented by a second set of reforms, aimed this time at making the government more productive and efficient. For, the task of the private sector is merely to increase the size of the cake. To make economic growth more equitable and sustainable must largely be the responsibility of the state.
The first institution in urgent need of renewal is the Indian political party. This must no longer be run as a family firm; rather, it should be open to individuals who can make their way up the party hierarchy on the basis of ability and ambition, rather than birth. The Congress became a national party because of the patient work done in nurturing state units by four generations of hard-working politicians. The first generation consisted of, among others, Bal Gangadhar Tilak, Gopal Krishna Gokhale, Lala Lajpat Rai and Bipin Chandra Pal; the second generation of M.K. Gandhi, C.R. Das, G.B. Pant, Maulana Azad, etc; the third generation of Subhas Bose, T. Prakasam, Jawaharlal Nehru and their colleagues; the fourth generation of K. Kamaraj, Y.B. Chavan, S. Nijalingappa, Sucheta Kripalani and others.
Only one of the individuals named in the preceding paragraph was the child of a politician. Nor was this experience peculiar to the Congress. Those who built the dmk and the Akali Dal were likewise born into homes unmarked by wealth or privilege. It is this silent and often self-effacing work that forms the forgotten background to the rise of the Nehru-Gandhis, the Badals and the Karunanidhis, who, in a manner of speaking, have all thrown away the ladder that brought them to the top.
Second, the civil services at both central and state levels need to be freed from arbitrary political interference. Postings and length of tenure must be decided on the basis of a person’s capability and performance rather than his caste affiliation or his proximity to an MLA, MP or minister.
Third, this restoration of institutional autonomy must be extended to other state sectors such as education. Politicians should no longer decide who will head universities or research institutions; rather, the process must be in the hands of the academicians themselves.
Fourth, there should be more lateral entry into government, particularly (but not exclusively) at the higher levels. Professionals from outside the state sector must be encouraged to join it. As things stand, generalist services such as the IAS are assigned jobs for which their background does not prepare them. Who is to say that an experienced doctor or hospital administrator would not make a better health secretary, or a senior lawyer a better law secretary, than those who currently occupy these posts?
Fifth, our judicial process has to be made more transparent and efficient. There must be a greater willingness, among politicians and judges alike, to prosecute and send to jail those palpably guilty of corruption.
This list of required reforms is indicative rather than comprehensive. But that the Indian state needs to be reformed and reinvented is manifestly clear. The question is: do we, in the year 2010, have the leaders who can finally redeem the pledges made by the framers of the Constitution in 1950—leaders who can make India, in Ambedkar’s terms, a proper social democracy rather than a mere political democracy?
Some years ago, I wrote that while a democracy needs to be founded by visionaries, in mid-career it can be led by mediocrities. I now think that to have been a careless judgement. The times we live in, and the expectations engendered by them, call for leadership that is rather better than mediocre. The men and women who now rule India—whether from the centre or in the states—seem concerned, above all, with survival: the survival in his present post of an individual politican; the survival at the apex of the organisation of a particular family; the survival in government of a particular party. To plausibly and successfully redeem the ideals of the republic, however, this shall not be enough.
(The writer is the author of India after Gandhi. He may be contacted at ramachandraguha@yahoo.in.)
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| FEB 15, 2010 1 | Goodbye Babarao? Ramachandra Guha’s lead essay Ambedkar’s Desiderata (Feb 1) in your R-Day special was good. However, there was little on the role of youth in our politics and elsewhere. You don’t see them showing any kind of active participation or a minimum amount of common interest in any of our long-lasting social challenges. You can see it happening everywhere else in the world. I’m not talking of developed countries like the US or UK or nations on the continent like France and Italy but of countries like Iran and Egypt: see how active their students and intellectuals are. Intellectuals and academics could be more ideological, less pragmatic, and may also be misfits in Indian politics but how do you distinguish truth from falsehood, justice from injustice, equality from inequality without being idealistic? RAVI DINAVAHI, BOSTON It’s high time indeed that Ambedkar was restored to his rightful place in the annals of this nation. He was the true father of the nation. DR ARYA, DHANBAD I was shocked to see Guha referring to Nehru’s daughter as “a lesser Gandhi”. Fact is, she was no Gandhi at all. To call it the Nehru-Gandhi clan is an insult to the Mahatma. AUSAF AHMAD, NOIDA, UP A lot of the phenomena Guha writes about owe to the fact that politicians are adept at exploiting loopholes in the system for personal gain. The “selection” of our PM and CMs, who serve as de facto heads of their respective political executives, is one such subversion. RAJIV VARMA, KANPUR Of course, we’ve failed Ambedkar. The Constitution of India he helped draft lies in tatters today, in spirit at least, if not in letter. In letter, it has seen 70-odd amendments. RAKESH AGRAWAL, DEHRADUN Article 38 of the Constitution says wealth should not be concentrated in a few hands; it must be distributed equally. But the reality is a subversion of this intent. What have we done to ensure the spread of education and other indices of progress among the disadvantaged and underprivileged? RAJESH, SYDNEY With reference to Guha’s remarks about M.K. Stalin’s cutouts in Tamil Nadu, the cutout culture flourished more during the aiadmk’s rule. During that time, party workers vied with each other to erect larger-than-life cutouts, with some even trying to earn a dubious entry into the Guinness book. At times the courts had to intervene to restrain the overenthusiastic cadres. Indeed, the cutout culture is part of the landscape in this part of the country. Every cinestar worth his name has a committed fan base, and humungous cutouts and banners, complete with equally humungous garlands, are reverentially put up on the day of release of their movies. Why single out Stalin? Comparing him to Syria’s Bashar Assad is stretching things even further. Things are much more subdued in Tamil Nadu than in the rest of the country, if I may say so. Political leaders here do not commission larger-than-life-statues of themselves; they do not indulge in Bihari-bashing; they do not paralyse the state demanding a state-within-a-state; and so on. G. SANKAR, CHENNAI Ambedkar served as law minister in the post-independence government from 1947-51. He eventually resigned because of obstacles preventing him from taking the kind of actions he wanted to implement. O.P. SUMAN, NEW DELHI Can Guha name one perfect society, culture or nation on this planet? It’ll perhaps make it easier for idiots like me to understand what a terrible country we live in. P.V. BHANU, KAKINADA |
| 2 | Failing Our Icons We as a nation and people have failed not just Ambedkar as Ram Guha asserts in his piece (Ambedkar’s Desiderata (Feb 1), but also Gandhi, Tilak, Gokhale, Bose and hundreds of other leaders who strove to make this country free. We have failed intellectual and spiritual giants like Tagore, Aurobindo, Vivekananda, Raja Rammohun Roy and Dayananda Saraswati who used their own formidable minds to set ours free. India has, from ancient times till the modern era, had more great people in every field of study and service than any other country in the world. What has happened to us? Why have we fallen so low? Our total lack of discipline, unity, civic sense, moral or social values, integrity and pride in ourselves has no parallel in the world. SAVITHRI, ON E-MAIL As someone from a humble, oppressed background who had the privilege of studying in one of the iims, I am a first-hand witness to politics in government establishments. It’s not uncommon for top managements to engineer divisions among scheduled caste employees to deny them growth opportunities. The very followers of Ambedkar develop vested interests in furthering their own positions even as their illiterate and less-informed brethren struggle for one square meals in rural belts. Though one cannot deny the dedication, hard work and sacrifice these men and women put in climbing up the success ladder, they should not allow themselves to become pawns in the hands of power groups for measly gains. PECHIMUTHU U. KUMAR, CHENNAI |
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DR BHIMRAO AMBEDKAR
Bhim, Eklavya
From Ambavadekar to Dr Ambedkar, the shaping of India’s Dalit icon
The Lawman’s Heroes
Kabir Saint-poet an early influence.
Tukaram Saint-poet left a deep impression
Edwin Seligman Economist and mentor
James Shotwell Historian and a major influence
John Dewey Philosopher and Ambedkar’s hero
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In the west-facing corner of the first-floor library that metamorphosed into the Ambedkar home is situated an angular room that Dr Bhimrao Ramji Ambedkar spent considerable time in while in Bombay. The study opens out onto a balcony overlooking Dadar station, where Ambedkar appeared occasionally to greet an eager crowd of supporters gathered below. “I have heard him, pushing us all to study hard and rise in life,” recalls the white-haired Tukaram Londhe, a teenager then who’s spent decades here as attendant at ‘Raj Griha’, the Ambedkar home in the ironically named Hindu Colony.
The balcony, the study, the winding staircase that leads to it, indeed Raj Griha itself, is as nondescript as any other two-storey building in the colony. It has seen better days. In the study, Ambedkar’s four-feet-wide table and personal chair are still in the position they were through the 1930s, ’40s and ’50s. Two old chairs and a sofa complete the seating. His C-shaped bookcase still holds the volumes that he had leafed through. As one’s fingers glide over the solid table, it is not difficult to imagine Dr Ambedkar seated there, writing and fine-tuning drafts of many a volume, drawing on his memories and experiences.
Dr Ambedkar, as his grandson Prakash Ambedkar sarcastically remarks, had a rich and large treasure of experiences and influences to call upon, as he pushed millions of Indians, British rulers, the Indian National Congress and Mahatma Gandhi into acknowledging the dehumanisation of the untouchables. In October 1948, as he presided over the Drafting Committee, he completed The Untouchables—Who Were They And Why They Became Untouchables. The first copy still stands in his bookcase. The dedication reads: “Inscribed to the memory of Nandanar, Ravidas, Chokhamela—three renowned saints who were born among the untouchables and who by their piety and virtue won the esteem of all.” Dr Ambedkar may well have been talking about himself; beyond the obvious references, the inscription is a pointer to some of his earliest influences.
The young Bhimrao through his childhood years in Dapoli and Satara saw his father, a military officer, live as a devoted Kabirpanthi advocating anti-idol worship who strangely insisted that his sons read the Ramayana and Mahabharata every day. Bhimrao, in his unpublished preface to The Buddha and his Dhamma, writes that he could not reconcile the contradiction, though he soaked in the influences, just as he could not comprehend why he was made to sit on the floor in a corner of the school classroom, or had to go thirsty but could not go to the common well, or boys in the classroom ran to “rescue” their tiffin boxes the only time he went near it. Bhimrao Sakpal Ambavadekar, his surname coming from his native village Ambavade, learned to live with the injustices without even recognising them as such, until later when he walked through the portals of Columbia University. At the Satara school was a Brahmin teacher who left a lasting impression—during lunch hour everyday he would quietly walk up to Bhimrao to drop a part of his meal into the young boy’s hands. “He took so much fancy to the boy that he even changed his surname from Ambavadekar to his own surname Ambedkar in school records...Ambedkar gratefully remembered this teacher,” writes biographer Dhananjay Keer.
Gautam Buddha came into Ambedkar’s life rather accidentally. When he completed his matriculation in 1907, his community wanted to felicitate him as he was the first boy to do it, but his father would have none of it. His father’s friend and literary figure Dada Keluskar prevailed. Keluskar even presided over the function and gifted Bhimrao a copy of his book on Buddha’s life, written for the Baroda Sayajirao Oriental Series. Ambedkar recalls in an unpublished reference: “I read the book with great interest, and was greatly impressed and moved by it.”
During his five years in Elphinstone College, Bombay, he met the reform-minded Sayajirao Gaekwad III of Baroda who offered a monthly scholarship and learned of a Mahar conference in Jejuri organised by Shivram Janba Kamble, an early reformer. Incidentally, Gaekwad, much to the chagrin of caste Hindu guests, sat and ate a meal with Ambedkar there. All this left an impression on Ambedkar as he reached Columbia University in 1913 as a post-graduate student where he formed the intellectual connections and personal relationships that were to shape much of his life’s work.
“The best friends I have had in life were some of my classmates at Columbia and my great professors, John Dewey, James Shotwell, Edwin Seligman and James Harvey Robinson,” wrote Ambedkar in the Columbia Alumni News, December 1930. Of them all, he considered Prof Dewey, one of the major philosophers of the 20th century, and Prof Seligman, a well-known economist, as his hero and mentor respectively. When he wrote his seminal workAnnihilation of Caste in ’36, he referred to Prof Dewey “who was my teacher and to whom I owe so much”.
For a boy who had to fight to be at school and was not permitted to learn Sanskrit, he had an MA in Economics with Sociology, History, Anthropology and Philosophy from Columbia University. This was a major inspiration for him to study law as well as to go to LSE, says Prakash Ambedkar. “And beneath it all was a strange mix of the mysticism of saints and some strands of Marxist philosophy with Buddhist humanitarianism. An original, perhaps unique, set of influences,” he adds. To this amalgamation, Ambedkar brought his study of law—he was later the principal of Government Law College in Bombay and established the Siddharth College of Law in addition to the Siddharth College of Arts and Science through his People’s Education Society—all of which segued into his work, writing, indeed, his life. The stamp, says Prakash, is there on the Constitution of India.
In Raj Griha, a part of which is now People’s Education Society premises with the Ambedkar museum and library, the sense of history is still strong. Amidst his personal collection of books, letters and photographs, especially in the study, the man’s presence is palpable. Two young men from Mahad, where Ambedkar broke convention by drinking water from the public tank, stroll in. They solemnly pay their respects at the bust. On their way out, they call out a greeting “Jai Bhim,” Ambedkar’s greeting-cum-war cry to the millions who were not permitted to say “Jai Siya Ram”. Londhe smiles back with a “Jai Bhim” of his own.
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| JAN 28, 2010 10:44 PM 7 | nandakumar - from what i remember reading about his life, he obtained a scholarship from Sayajirao Gaekwad for higher studies in the USA. SOMEGAL SOMEPLACE, UNITED STATES |
| JAN 28, 2010 11:02 AM 6 | Shakat, Before you start frothing at your mouth & go looking for Hindus & Jews to blow up, notice that Ambedkar never once urged his followers to kowtow to illiterate "prophets" preaching from overflowing Harems. A caste ridden Hindu society (in his mind) is one he preferred to subjecting his followers, especially the women folk, to the evil of Islam. Sit back and think about it. A rant on Hindu society is no panacea for a deep inferiority complex that has penetrated your bones. ARVIND CHENNAI, INDIA |
| JAN 27, 2010 04:46 PM 5 | It time for the subjugated castes of hinduism, oppressed by the sanatanis for thousands of years to rise against this tyranny and exterminate the evil brahminical ideology once for all. If one goes a little deeper in finding the reasons of communalism in india, it is quite evident that the so-called upper castes have used these subjugated people to fulfil their nefarious and evil designs ,there-by remaining at the helm of affairs. Just how evil the casteist hindus are is evident from the fact that the chief minister of the most populous state gets all the negative media in the world and all deeds of rahul baba are put into limelight. SHAFAT LONE SRINAGAR, INDIA |
| JAN 27, 2010 10:13 AM 4 | This divisive,hierarchical and debilitating Caste system continues to poison the Indian mind--even centuries after it was invented and nurtured by the vested interests of Aryavarta. Caste is a reckoning factor not only for Hindus, but also to the erst-while Hindus who got converted to Christianity and Islam. It has a vicious grip on our minds, not withstanding the splendid work of innumerable social reformers . When do we Indians get rid of this evil ? G. NIRANJAN RAO HYDERABAD, ANDHRA PRADESH, INDIA |
| JAN 25, 2010 03:49 PM 3 | The caste distinction has not only social but religious sanction. It is based on the Hindu idea that a person's positioning in the social hierarchy is ordained by his or her deeds in the previous life, since Hindus believe in rebirth. The current social status of an individual depends on the good or bad deeds committed by that individual—his or her Karma—and is therefore immutable in this real world.The greatest crime of Casteism wasn't simply that much of what it claimed was false, but that it claimed to be the sole and utterly complete path to understanding life and reality. It’s history's worst ideologies a doctrine of historical predestination. There is nothing more gray, stultifying, or dreary than a life lived inside the confines of a theory of Casteism. Let us hope that in the era of science & technology Casteists learn humility to accept the truth. No nation can move forward unless its children are taught to look squarely at their own history, the good and the bad, the evil and the pure. Indian Constitution recognises that `casteism' is a centuries-old vicious ideology founded on hate, violence and exclusion from equality, opportunity, empowerment and resources. The Protection of Civil Rights Act 1955-1976 and the SC and ST (Atrocities) Act 1989 underlines it. O P SUMAN NEW DELHI, INDIA Source: The outlook -Feb-2010 |
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